{"abstract":"A worker harvest tomatoes grown in Dutch greenhouses.","title":"How a tiny country became the second-biggest agricultural exporter in the world","sourceHref":"https://businessinsider.com/the-netherlands-is-the-second-biggest-agricultural-exporter-2025-9","renderingRestriction":0,"authors":[],"imageResources":[],"thumbnail":{"caption":"How a tiny country became the second-biggest agricultural exporter in the world","image":{"width":720,"height":404,"quality":95,"url":"https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1MPAkf.img","title":"How a tiny country became the second-biggest agricultural exporter in the world","focalRegion":{"x1":425,"x2":462,"y1":83,"y2":120},"source":"msn","cmsId":"cms/api/amp/image/AA1MPAkf"}},"body":"The Netherlands is the second largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, despite being only a little bigger than the state of Maryland. How does a country this size even come close to the US, the world's top exporter? By devoting more than half of its land to farming and focusing on high value goods like eggs, meat, cheese, tomatoes and Peppers. We are sweet and tiny. It's in our chains, you know, It's our DNA. In 2024 alone, the Dutch farmed goods worth over $140 billion. The country pioneered greenhouse growing and now uses robots and algorithms that predict yield, optimize water use and can even tell when a tomato is ripe. But its position at the top is being threatened, soaring energy prices, labor shortages and new rules limiting pollution and squeezing the industry. So how did the Dutch become a global agricultural powerhouse? And more importantly, what can its model teach the rest of the world about how to grow more with less? In the 13th century, nearly 1/5 of what is now the Netherlands was underwater, so the Dutch built dikes to hold back the sea and pioneered the use of windmills to pump out the leftover water. Over centuries a complex system of pumps kept low lying land dry, and from this reclaimed land small family farms fed the country. But that change during World War 2, when Nazi Germany took over in 1944, Dutch rail workers went on strike protesting the occupation. In response, the Nazis cut off food supplies. Over 5 months, 20,000 people died from starvation. It became known as the Winter of Hunger. After the war, food security became a national priority. Under the new agricultural minister, Sicko Mansholt, the government industrialized farming. He subsidized important agricultural products and merged farms into bigger, more efficient ones. Public investment in research and education transformed Bacheningen University into the country's secret weapon. It's research has been used in over 150 countries. Over the years, it has spun off dozens of startups. This one gathers electricity from living plants and this one builds robotic harvesters. You can find Dutch inspired greenhouses covering thousands of acres in Spain, Canada and China. It all started in Westland, an area just outside of Rotterdam with one of the world's largest concentrations of greenhouses. After dark, they light up the horizon in orange, purple and green hues from the powerful lamps used to speed up plant growth. Some people say it will never be really dark in wetchelons. Here, Marguerite Loya runs a third generation tomato farm called Loya Cukers. How did your grandfather grow vegetables? I'm guessing it didn't look like. This. No, no, not at all. It was completely different than in these days. In these greenhouses, plants can grow a foot a week. Marguerite's team prunes, wraps, and lowers each one by hand if you didn't control the vines. Oh yeah, then you then you will get the jungle. The Netherlands exports more than 900,000 tons of tomatoes a year, despite having a climate that's naturally too cold and rainy. Are these warm weather fruits? While high tech solutions help them grow faster and year round, they still need bees to pollinate every plant. You cannot do it without them, so they are probably one of the most important tools that we have in our glass house. When they're not pollinating, they live in these bee hotels. In each box are around 800 bumblebees. You can hear them making more noise now they they are still cool. Overhead LED lights mimic the sun and create optimal summer conditions year round. Developed by scientists at Vaheningen, these lights run more efficiently than older sodium bulbs. With the same electricity you can get almost double light. Watering these plants has also become more efficient. Over the last two decades, greenhouses have reduced their water usage by as much as 90%. The water will fall here and it will go back at the end of the of the end of the row and then it will go into a drain silo. We will clean this water and we will reuse it. That means it takes just 4 liters of water to grow a kilo of Dutch tomatoes, compared to the global average of more than 200 liters. While tech has optimized much of the growing process, humans still pick tomatoes better than robots, which struggle to see the fruit through these dense vines. Ready to be harvested when the last tomato this one is completely red, for example. These two are just perfect. This is already to be harvested because there's the moment when they I have the the best taste. Workers follow this chart to harvest tomatoes at peak flavour. This is green, so it's colour #3 so not ready this. Oh, then this is quite red, but it's still not ready enough. It's colour number 8. So this one will be harvested with the second round this week. Because Loya only picks ripe fruit, it has a small window to get it into cold storage before it spoils. Today the tomatoes came. We packed them in the night shift. At tomorrow morning, everything goes way with trucks. So it helps speed up production, this tomato camera. He's looking for damage splits. Machine takes 2 pictures, one from the top and one from the bottom. This one we see then he had found one. Split must be somewhere. Workers still check the bigger tomatoes by hand. We are checking for the size it was between 4762mm. If you see like this here, you missed one tomato, it's not so nice. And then you look, look like this, this. And then we say this is nice, but this too are too small. Robots do a lot around here. This machine on the main factory floor helps sort out tomatoes that are too small or too yellow for the premium brand. Green one they throw away because it's cost too much time and it's all the tomatoes. The taste is not so well. Machines also sort the and sweetest tomatoes one last time. Then workers package them by hand at these stations so they're ready to ship out. But tomato greenhouses aren't the only ones relying on lots of tech. Just a few miles away, Arnaud Van Dyke runs one of the largest pepper operations in the country. The roads in the complex seats. Every year, Holland grows 85,000,000 Peppers. Like tomatoes, these Peppers are grown hydroponically, meaning not in the ground. And here, too, computers monitor and adjust everything from temperature and watering schedules to lighting. These yellow cards track pests like white flies or thrips. Insect the track another clue who you were up to anyone you are talking to the. And soon, cameras will be able to read the sticky cards themselves. Hand and a seat of altitude, that of control and monitoring. Welk inspector in the and who bait her and Makalaka. Together, these innovations have allowed Dutch growers to to achieve yields 12 times higher than the average pepper farm globally. Since 2007, the company has also used automated carts guided by wires in the floor to move harvested Peppers from the greenhouse to the processing hall. On the packaging floor, AI powered cameras take pictures of each pepper, comparing the images to a database of ideal fruit. That information is used to sort the Peppers by size, weight, shape and colour. Ones with small imperfections don't go to waste. The company sells them to salad producers and other food processors. The ones that do pass the camera stage go on to packaging. This machine drops nearly 400 lbs of perfect Peppers in each crate. More and more automatic palletizing and self driving forklifts are replacing humans in this factory. The Netherlands is facing a growing labor crisis with 2/3 of businesses struggling to find workers. VD Holland introduced all this new technology to automate as much of the packaging process as possible. As much as 95% of VD Holland's bell Peppers are exported and about 60% of all crops produced in the Netherlands leave the country. It's position on the North Sea makes it easy to ship from giant ports in Rotterdam and Amsterdam. Germany is the top buyer. The Dutch produce also reaches the UK, China and the US. Producing and packing all of this food requires a lot of energy. Greenhouses across the Netherlands use nearly 107 petajoules, enough to power more than two million homes a year. And not everyone's happy about this. Some studies estimate that a greenhouse grown tomato could have six times the carbon footprint of a field grown one, but that largely depends on the energy source used to grow them. That's why Dutch growers are trying to change how their farms are powered. Until recently, much of their energy came from Russian gas, but the war in Ukraine forced the Netherlands to cut off imports. Energy prices soared as a result, forcing many greenhouses to look for alternatives. Loya already had its own power plant on site. Heat from the energy producing process actually warms the greenhouse, and any extra energy is sold back to the power grid. VD Holland, meanwhile, turned to a different source. 5% when the warrant moved what was being what from Mark Nils Ardvant. Company invested $46 million along with a few other growers to drill for the renewable energy source. University is working with growers to reduce reduce their energy consumption. Leo Marcellus is largely credited for the widespread use of LED lights in Dutch greenhouses. Without light, there is no plant growth. Custom LED light recipes have helped farmers grow strawberries, cucumber and asparagus faster. His research on these lights got glass houses in the country to cut their power usage by nearly half, and now Leo and his team are seeing if they can take it further. The question is, can we make as efficient use of the LED lighting as possible? Now he's studying how LED light colour, intensity and timing can influence growth and lower energy bills. And here we are do it is an experimental setup where we are growing lattice with different light. In this lettuce trial, his team figured out that by increasing the light intensity in the final week before harvest, they can raise vitamin C and sugar content and extend shelf life. What gives a good growth, what gives a good taste, what gives a good nutritional value, but also what is most sustainable in terms of less use of energy? And usually that can be a a balancing act. In another room, his team is working with the Singapore Food Agency on bok choy. Here I can choose any condition. If I give them low light and a low temperature, they will grow slowly. By adjusting temperature, CO2, and light, they can speed up plant growth. Many of these testing rooms are pink because red LED lights are better for growing plants. Rat LE DS are the most efficient in converting electricity into light, so a high fraction of rat is normally I would say, advisable. But it has to be the perfect balance of red, blue and white light. For example, this bok choy likes a little more white light. If it is only red, most plants don't like that. Leo's colleague Elena Vincenzi is studying how barely visible red light effects a tomato's plant's ability to convert light into energy. Here you can see that there is a chamber that can be clipped on a leaf and then because the chamber is transparent, the leaf can still receive the light that we give to our normal treatments and that we are able through the machine to actually see what is the rate of photosynthesis. If the photosynthesis rate is higher, then perhaps the plant with the same amount of light can grow more and and faster. She's also trying to reduce water use. Swapping in different kinds of growing bases for tomatoes can help with that. They're also studying how more robots can help reduce labour costs. Several things are studied. One of them is about robotic harvesting of the plant. There's a lot of interest, of course, in replacing the manual labour by robots. Much of what's discovered at Bochening ends up back on farms like Loya and VD Holland. Growers often also partly fund the research that you're doing here. This tight feedback loop between scientists and farmers may be the secret to what makes Dutch agriculture so efficient. It dates back to the post war era when the Dutch government encouraged researchers and farmers to work together. When I was a kid, my father, every Monday or Tuesday evening, I think he had a study club and then they grew with a few growers and they visited their greenhouses. I think things like that were very, very positive for the development of our industry. Now Vahniggins Research is pushing innovation beyond growing plants. The Netherlands is Europe's top exporter of meat, raising 4 million cows, 13 million pigs and 104 million chickens every year. All that livestock, especially cows for beef and dairy, comes with a high environmental cost. And it's not just carbon emissions. The bigger issue here is ammonia, A nitrogen rich gas released from fertilizers, manure and urine. In 2017, the Netherlands emitted more ammonia per hectare than any other European country. Why? Because it has the highest livestock density on the continent. Environmentalists say this type of pollution is stressing the native ecosystem. Excess nitrogen means tall, fast growing grasses overtake more delicate native species and it causes algae blooms and waterways to cut emissions. The Dutch government started buying out high emitting farms, but calls to limit these emissions have triggered mass protests across the country. I hope. That the. One place trying to find a solution is Bacheninging's Dairy campus. This is not a commercial dairy farm, it's a Research Center. Campus Manager Keys De Coning and his team are focused on reducing nitrogen emissions from cows starting from the ground up. They're testing floors that separate pee from poop, since mixing these two releases more ammonia. We can run trials where we separate the urine and the solids. The separated waste is stored in tanks under the barn to prevent emissions from escaping. They've also experimented with robot cleaners, but each one costs nearly $30,000, a steep price for most farms, which would need at least 2. The more accessible solution? Changing the cows diets. So can we feed cows in such a way that we have less ammonia emission or less nitrogen losses? They're testing different feed combinations with the help of AI powered troughs, which track how much each cow eats and how much methane and ammonia it produces. They've already found that replacing fermented grass with maize or fresh grass helps cut methane emissions and when they lower protein and nitrogen levels in the feed itself, the cows will release less ammonia. Researchers are also using AI to track cows health. The technology can spot issues like foot rot and identify low emission cows for breeding. The Netherlands turned its flood prone country into an agricultural powerhouse and exported that knowledge around the world. But does Dutch innovation hold the secret to feeding the globe? The fact is that there is almost a billion people that on the planet that go hungry every day. Jonas Jaegermeyer is a climate scientist and crop modeler at Columbia University. He points out that half of the calories humans eat come from crops that are grown outdoors, grains like wheat, rice and corn. But we're not going to grow stapled crops or calorie providing grain crops in a greenhouse environment anytime soon simply because of financial requirements to reproduce an equal number in harvest in caloric production, say in a desert environment coupled with a desalina tion plant that is using renewable energy. That is a sci-fi scenario that is promising, but we're not quite there yet. So to replicate those millions and millions of hectares of cornfields somewhere indoor is simply not feasible. The farms of the future will have to rely on more than just tech. They'll need water, seeds, energy, local knowledge and adaptable systems. There is no silver bullet. The implementation strategy that would help change how farmers do practice, how food is processed and transported, and how food is then brought to the consumer needs to be in a locally tailored strategy. Yonas is now building AI tools that can give farmers early warnings of seasonal forecasts, fine tune water use, and more importantly, connect growers across continents, allowing them to share insights in real time. Maybe the real Dutch export isn't tomatoes, beef or robot harvesters. It's a mindset, one that values collaboration over competition and policies that Dr. efficiency. The Dutch can't feed the world alone, but they've forever changed the way it feeds itself.","provider":{"id":"AA28VO","name":"Business Insider","companyLegalName":"Business Insider 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